International Responsibility for Hostile Acts of Private Persons against Foreign States

Mankind's preoccupation with survival in this age has given renewed impetus to the idea of a world community deeply concerned with the prevention of friction between nations. The achievement to date has been largely in terms of efforts to control acts of aggression committed by governments. Most people have assumed that the military rivalry between the great powers is the only threat confronting the world today. While readily conceding that this threat has placed mankind in a highly precarious situation, this book, on the other hand, reflects my conviction that any program designed to attain world peace will be significantly incomplete without the control of hostile actions which private persons have been known to commit against foreign nations. Experience shows that these actions not only endanger the good re­ lations between states, but are also likely to plunge the world com­ munity into wars, thus spreading destruction and human suffering everywhere.

I. The Individual and World Order.- The World Community and its Values.- International Law and Hostile Actions of Private Persons.- The Individual and the Peace and Security of Mankind.- One/State and Individual Responsibility.- II. The traditional law concerning the responsibility of the state for actions of private persons.- III. The Emerging Concept of Individual Liability.- Two/Some Hostile Actions of Private Persons against Foreign States.- IV. Organization of Hostile Military Expeditions.- V. Recruitment and Departure Of Volunteers.- VI. Revolutionary Activities and Hostile Propaganda.- VII. Invasion of Foreign Territory by Armed Bands.- VIII. Counterfeiting of Foreign Currency.- ThreeJurisdiction for the Punishment of Private Persons.- IX. So-Called Protective Jurisdiction of the Threatened Community.- X. International Criminal Jurisdiction as an Alternative.- XI. Summary and conclusions.