Imaging Brain Diseases

This book illustrates in a unique way the most common diseases affecting the human nervous system using different imaging modalities derived from radiology, nuclear medicine, and neuropathology. The features of the diseases are visualized on computerized tomography (CT)-scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-scans, nuclear medicine scans, surgical intraoperative as well as gross-anatomy and histology preparations. For each disease entity, the structural changes are illustrated in a correlative comparative way based on the various imaging techniques. The brain diseases are presented in a systematic way allowing the reader to easily find the topics in which she or he is particularly interested. In Part 1 of the book, the imaging techniques are described in a practical, straightforward way. The morphological built-up of the normal human brain and its vascular supply are presented in Part 2. The chapters of the subsequent Parts 3 to 10 deal with the following diseases involving the nervous system including: hemodynamic, vascular, infectious, neurodegenerative, demyelination, epilepsy, trauma and intoxication, and tumors.

Part I. The techniques.- 1. Imaging modalities - Radiology.- 1.1. CT.- 1.2. MR Imaging.- 1.3. MR Spectroscopy.- 1.4. Perfusion imaging.- 1.5. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI).- 1.6. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI).- 1.7. Functional MRI (fMRI).- 2. Imaging modalities - Nuclear Medicine.- 2.1. SPECT.- 2.2. PET - [11 C]-Methionine (MET).- 2.3. PET - [18 F]-Fluordeoxyglucose (FDG).- 2.4. PET - [18 F]-Fluorethyltyrosine (FET).- 2.5. PET - [18 F]-Fluorothymidine (FLT).- 2.6. PET - [18 F]-Fluorodihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA).- 3. Imaging Modalities - Neuropathology.- 3.1. Gross-anatomy.- 3.2. Histology.- 3.3. Immunohistochemistry.- Part II. The normal human brain.- 4. The normal human brain.- 4.1. Subdivisions of the nervous system.- 4.2. Gross-anatomy of the nervous system.- 4.3. Ventricular system - Cerebrospinal fluid - Barriers.- 4.4. Meninges.- 4.5. Histological constituents of the nervous system.- 4.6. Microscopical built-up of the nervous system.- 4.7. Functional systems.- 5. Vascular supply of the brain.- 5.1. Arterial supply.- 5.2. Venous drainage.- Part III. The brain diseases - Edema and Hydrocephalus.- 6. Brain edema.- 7. Hydrocephalus.- Part IV.- The Brain diseases - Vascular system.- 8. Vascular disorders - Hypoxia.- 9. Vascular disorders - Ischemic lesions.- 10. Vascular disorders - Hemorrhage.- 11. Vascular disorders - Angiopathies.- Part V. The brain diseases - Infections.- 12. Infections - Bacteria.- 13. Infections - Viruses.- 14. Infections - Parasites.- 15. Infections - Fungi.- 16. Prion diseases.- Part VI. The brain diseases - Aging and neurodegeneration.- 17. Normal aging brain.- 18. Neurodegenerative disorders - Alzheimer's disease.- 19. Neurodegenerative disorders - Lewy body disease.- 20. Neurodegenerative disorders - Fronto-temporal lobe dementia.- 21. Neurodegenerative disorders - Multi-infarct dementia.- 22. Neurodegenerative disorders - Binswanger disease.- 23. Neurodegenerative disorders - Progressive supranuclear palsy.- 24. Neurodegenerative disorders - Parkinson's disease.- 25. Neurodegenerative disorders - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.- 26. Neurodegenerative disorders - Huntington disease.- Part VII. The brain diseases - Myelin disorders.- 27. Demyelinating diseases - Multiple Sclerosis.- 28. Neuromyelitis optica.- 29. ADEM.- Part VIII. The brain diseases - Epilepsy.- 30. Temporal lobe epilepsy.- 31. Cortical dysplasia.- Part IX. The brain diseases - Tumors.- 35. Tumors of the nervous system - General considerations.- 36. Tumors - Astrocytoma WHO II - Anaplastic Astrocytoma WHO III.- 37. Tumors - Glioblastoma WHO IV.- 38. Tumors - Gliosarcoma WHO IV - Giant cell Glioblastoma WHO IV.- 39. Tumors - Pilocytic astrocytoma WHO I.- 40. Tumors - Oligodendroglioma WHO II - Anaplastic oligodendroglioma WHO III.- 41. Tumors - Oligo-astrocytoma WHO II - Anaplastic Oligo-Astrocytoma WHO III.- 42. Ependymal tumors.- 43. Choroid plexus tumors - Papilloma - Carcinoma.- 44. Neuronal and mixed neuronal-glial tumors.- 45. Pineal parenchymal tumors.- 46. Embryonal tumors.- 47. Tumors of cranial and spinal nerves - Schwannoma.- 48. Tumors of cranial and spinal nerves - Neurofibroma.- 49. Tumors of cranial and spinal nerves - Perineuroma.- 50. Tumors of cranial and spinal nerves - Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST).- 51. Tumors of meningothelial cells.- 52. Mesenchymal, non-meningothelial tumors.- 53. Lymphomas and haematopoetic neoplasms.- 54. Germ cell tumors.- 55. Cysts and tumor-like lesions.- 56. Tumors of the sellar region.- 57. Metastatic tumors.- 58. Paraneoplastic syndromes - Autoimmune diseases.- 59. Radiation injury.