Speech Analysis Synthesis and Perception

The first edition of this book has enjoyed a gratifying existence. 1s­ sued in 1965, it found its intended place as a research reference and as a graduate-Ievel text. Research laboratories and universities reported broad use. Published reviews-some twenty-five in number-were universally kind. Subsequently the book was translated and published in Russian (Svyaz; Moscow, 1968) and Spanish (Gredos, S.A.; Madrid, 1972). Copies of the first edition have been exhausted for several years, but demand for the material continues. At the behest of the publisher, and with the encouragement of numerous colleagues, a second edition was begun in 1970. The aim was to retain the original format, but to expand the content, especially in the areas of digital communications and com­ puter techniques for speech signal processing. As before, the intended audience is the graduate-Ievel engineer and physicist, but the psycho­ physicist, phonetician, speech scientist and linguist should find material of interest.

I. Voice Communication.- 1.1. The Advent of Telephony.- 1.2. Efficient Transmission of Speech.- 1.3. Capacity of the Human Channel.- 1.4. Analysis-Synthesis Telephony: An Approach to Improved Efficiency.- II. The Mechanism of Speech Production.- 2.1. Physiology of the Vocal Apparatus.- 2.2. The Sounds of Speech.- 2.3. Quantitative Description of Speech.- III. Acoustical Properties of the Vocal System.- 3.1. The Vocal Tract as an Acoustic System.- 3.2. Equivalent Circuit for the Lossy Cylindrical Pipe.- 3.3. The Radiation Load at the Mouth and Nostrils.- 3.4. Spreading of Sound About the Head.- 3.5. The Source for Voiced Sounds.- 3.6. The Source for Noise and Transient Excitation of the Tract.- 3.7. Some Characteristics of Vocal Tract Transmission.- 3.8. Fundamentals of Speech and Hearing in Analysis-Synthesis Telephony.- IV. The Ear and Hearing.- 4.1. Mechanism of the Ear.- 4.2. Computational Models for Ear Function.- 4.3. Illustrative Relations between Subjective and Physiological Behavior.- V. Techniques for Speech Analysis.- 5.1. Spectral Analysis of Speech.- 5.2. Formant Analysis of Speech.- 5.3. Analysis of Voice Pitch.- 5.4. Articulatory Analysis of the Vocal Mechanism.- 5.5. Automatic Recognition of Speech.- 5.6. Automatic Recognition and Verification of Speakers.- VI. Speech Synthesis.- 6.1. Mechanical Speaking Machines; Historical Efforts.- 6.2. Electrical Methods for Speech Synthesis.- VII. Perception of Speech and Speech-Like Sounds.- 7.1, Differential vs. Absolute Discrimination.- 7.2. Differential Discriminations Along Signal Dimensions Related to Speech.- 7.3. Absolute Discrimination of Speech and Speech-Like Sounds.- 7.4. Effects of Context and Vocabulary upon Speech Perception.- 7.5. The Perceptual Units of Speech.- 7.6. Subjective Evaluation of Transmission Systems.- 7.7. Calculating Intelligibility Scores from System Response and Noise Level: The Articulation Index.- 7.8. Supplementary Sensory Channels for Speech Perception.- VIII. Systems for Analysis-Synthesis Telephony.- 8.1. Channel Vocoders.- 8.2. Reduced Redundancy Channel Vocoders.- 8.3. Voice-Excited Vocoders.- 8.4. Correlation Vocoders.- 8.5. Formant Vocoders.- 8.6. Orthogonal Function Vocoders.- 8.7. Homomorphic Vocoders.- 8.8. Maximum Likelihood Vocoders.- 8.9. Linear Prediction Vocoders.- 8.10. Articulatory Vocoders.- 8.11. Frequency-Dividing Vocoders.- 8.12. Time-Assignment Transmission of Speech.- 8.13. Predictive Coding of Speech.- 8.14. Delta Modulation.- References.- Author Index.