Welfare Effects of Value-Added Tax Harmonization in Europe

This book uses a computable general equilibrium framework to eval­ uate recent value-added tax reform proposals in the European Union from a welfare point of view. After the publication of the "White Paper" (1985) on the completion of the internal European market, an intense and heated debate about tax impediments to free trade set in. According to the original plans of the Commission of the European Union, not only physical border controls but also fiscal frontiers within the European Union would have been abolished on New Year's Day 1993. With respect to value­ added taxation this amounted to replacing the destination by the origin principle. Even though the origin principle had been favored by some economists from the establishment of a common European value-added tax system, time was not yet ripe for this change. In December 1991, the ECOFIN Council could only agree on the so­ called transitional system. In essence, these transitional arrangements maintain the destination principle as far as possible but shift the border tax procedure from national frontiers to firms. The transitional system is supposed to expire on December 31, 1996, with the final solution for value-added taxation in the European Union being decided upon by the ECOFIN Council until December, 1995. In the event of no decision the transitional arrangements will be continued. The most likely solution will be a switch to the origin principle combined with some clearing mechanism to prevent major revenue reallocations between member states.

I An Introduction to Value-added Taxation.- 1. The Development of Value-added Taxation in the European Union.- 2. Principles of Value-added Taxation.- 3. Questions and Answers: The Plan of the Book.- II VAT Policy Options for an Integrated Europe.- 1. Some Basic Elements of our Model.- 2. The Destination Principle.- 3. The Transitional System.- 4. The Origin Principle and the Credit Method.- 5. The Origin Principle and the Subtraction Method.- III Theoretical Foundations.- 1. The Command Optimum.- 2. Tax Distortions.- 3. Trade Neutrality and the Exchange Rate Argument.- 4. Welfare Effects of VAT in Open Economies.- IV From Theory to Application: A Computable General Equilibrium Model.- 1. Operationalizing Walras with CGE Models.- 2. The Theoretical Model.- 3. A Micro-consistent Data Set for the EU.- 4. Model Calibration.- V Simulation Results and Economic Interpretations.- 1. Some Methodological Issues.- 2. The Transitional System.- 3. The Origin Principle and the Credit Method.- 4. The Origin Principle and the Subtraction Method.- 5. Some Sensitivity Analysis.- VI Summary and Conclusions.- List of Abbreviations.- Glossary of Notation.- The Debate about Value-added Taxation in the European Union: Timetable of Events since 1985.- References.