Prognostic Factors in Cancer

M. K. Gospodarowicz, P. Hermanek, and D. E. Henson Attention to innovations in cancer treatment has tended to eclipse the importance of prognostic assessment. However, the recognition that prognostic factors often have a greater impact on outcome than available therapies and the proliferation of biochemical, molecular, and genetic markers have resulted in renewed interest in this field. The outcome in patients with cancer is determined by a combination of numerous factors. Presently, the most widely recognized are the extent of disease, histologic type of tumor, and treatment. It has been known for some time that additional factors also influence outcome. These include histologic grade, lymphatic or vascular invasion, mitotic index, performance status, symptoms, and most recently genetic and biochemical markers. It is the aim of this volume to compile those prognostic factors that have emerged as important determinants of outcome for tumors at various sites. This compilation represents the first phase of a more extensive process to integrate all prognostic factors in cancer to further enhance the prediction of outcome following treatment. Certain issues surround­ ing the assessment and reporting of prognostic factors are also considered. Importance of Prognostic Factors Prognostic factors in cancer often have an immense influence on outcome, while treatment often has a much weaker effect. For example, the influence of the presence of lymph node involvement on survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer is much greater than the effect of adjuvant treatment with tamoxifen in the same group of patients [5].

1 Introduction.- 2 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck.- 3 Parotid Carcinoma.- 4 Thyroid Carcinoma.- 5 Oesophageal Carcinoma.- 6 Stomach Carcinoma.- 7 Colorectal Carcinoma.- 8 Anal Canal Carcinoma.- 9 Hepatocellular Carcinoma.- 10 Carcinoma of the Gallbladder.- 11 Carcinoma of the Extrahepatic Bile Ducts.- 12 Exocrine Pancreatic Carcinoma.- 13 Lung Carcinoma.- 14 Osteosarcoma.- 15 Soft Tissue Sarcomas in Adults.- 16 Skin Carcinoma.- 17 Malignant Melanoma of Skin.- 18 Breast Carcinoma.- 19 Vulvar Carcinoma.- 20 Cervix Uteri Carcinoma.- 21 Corpus Uteri Carcinoma.- 22 Fallopian Tube Carcinoma.- 23 Ovarian Cancer.- 24 Prostate Carcinoma.- 25 Testicular Germ Cell Tumors.- 26 Renal Cell Carcinoma.- 27 Urinary Bladder Carcinoma.- 28 Ophthalmic Tumours.- 29 Neuroepithelial Tumours of Brain.- 30 Hodgkin Disease.- 31 Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas.