Modelling the Economy and the Environment

This book is based upon contributions to a Scandinavian conference on Transport, Agriculture and the Environment in a Regional and National Development Per­ spective: Quantitative and Modelling Approaches, organised by AKF, the Institute of Local Government Studies, Denmark, which was held on the Danish island of Bornholm in December 1993. The chapters represent leading edge research in Scandinavia at the end of 1993 into modelling relationships between the economy and the environment, embracing both regional and sectoral perspectives. The publication of this volume will hopefully contribute to dissemination of knowledge about the very active Scandinavian research tradition in this field, a research tradition which is related to a long-standing engagement of Scandinavian countries with environmental issues. The contributors come from Denmark, Norway and Sweden and the collection is prefaced by two chapters from well-known Dutch researchers, traditionally re­ garded by Scandinavians as close neighbours to the Scandinavian modelling tradition. The support of S0M (Society, Economy and Environment), an open research centre financed by the Danish Environmental Research Programme, and of AKF in the organisation of the original conference and the preparation of this book is gratefully acknowledged. It was with great sadness that the editors learned of the death of one of the contri­ butors, Poul Erik Stryg, during the preparation of the book.

I IntroductiontO Modelling the Environment and the Economy.- 1 Background and Introduction.- II Survey of the State of the Art : Modelling the Environment and the Economy.- 2 Interaction between the Agricultural Economy and the Environment: An Overview of Dutch Problems, Policies and Models.- 3 Transport Infrastructure, Productivity and Employment.- III Effects on Economic Activity.- 4 A CGE Model for Denmark Applied to C02 Targets and GATT Liberalization.- 5 Costs and Benefits of Climate Policies: An Integrated Economy- Energy-Environment Model Approach for Norway.- 6 Regional Consequences of Environmental Taxes.- 7 Regional Impacts of a Future Reduction of Agricultural Subsidies in Norway. An Input-output Approach.- IV Effects on Emissions.- 8 A Model for Energy Consumption and Energy-related Emissions from the Danish Production Sector - INDUS/EMIS.- 9 Input-output Analysis and Emissions of C02, S02 and NOx - Linking Physical and Monetary Data.- 10 The C02 Tax and its Ability to Reduce C02 Emissions Related to Oil and Gas Production in Norway.- 11 The Regional Economic Consequences of Taxation on Commercial Fertilizers.- 12 Set-aside - Economics and the Environment.- 13 A National Forecasting Model System for the Evaluation of the Impacts of Alternative Policy Measures on Transport and the Environment.- V Integrated Approaches.- 14 Multicriteria Assessments of National Road Programs.- 15 Environmental Benefits from Export of Electricity from Non-fossil Sources in Scandinavia.- 16 Reducing Nutrient Loadings of Marine Waters: A Cost Effectiveness Analysis.- 17 Modelling the Regional Economic Consequences of Environmental Policy Instruments Applied to the Transport Sector.- VI Perspectives for the Future Research.- 18 Conclusions and Perspectives.- Author index.- Contributors.