The Biology of Animal Viruses

The Biology of Animal Viruses, Second Edition deals with animal viruses focusing on molecular biology and tumor virology. The book reviews the nature, chemical composition, structure, and classification of animal viruses. The text also describes the methods of isolating animal viruses, how these are grown in the laboratory, assayed, purified, and used in biochemical experiments. The book also describes the structure and chemistry of many known viruses such as the papovaviridae, herpes virus, poxvirus, coronavirus, or the Bunyamwera supergroup. The book then explains the structure and function of the animal cell including the cytoplasmic organelles, the nucleus, inhibitors of cell function, and viral multiplication. Other papers discuss in detail the multiplication of the DNA and RNA viruses, whose mechanisms of multiplication differ from those of other viruses. Other papers discuss the known prevention and treatment methods of viral diseases, as well as the epidemiology and evolution of viral diseases resulting from human's disturbance of the biosphere and from medical and experimental innovations. The text can prove useful for immunologists, veterinarians, virologists, molecular researchers, students, and academicians in the field of cellular microbiology and virology.

PrefacePreface to First EditionAcknowledgments1 The Nature and Classification of Animal Viruses Introduction The Nature of Viruses The Chemical Composition of Animal Viruses The Structure of Animal Viruses Classification and Nomenclature in Biology Previous Classifications of Viruses A Classification of Animal Viruses Short Descriptions of the Major Groups of DNA Viruses Short Descriptions of the Major Groups of RNA Viruses Unclassified Viruses The Origins of Viruses2 Cultivation, Assay, and Analysis of Viruses Introduction Cell Culture Embryonated Eggs Laboratory Animals Assay of Viral Infectivity Assay of Other Properties of Virions Purification and Separation of Virions and Their Components Electron Microscopy of Viruses Nucleic Acid Hybridization Examination of an Unknown Virus Measurement of Antibodies and Antigens3 The Structure and Chemistry of the Virion: A Systematic Survey Introduction Papovaviridae Adenovirus Herpesvirus Iridovirus Poxvirus Parvovirus Picornaviridae Togaviridae Orthomyxovirus Paramyxovirus Coronavirus Arenavirus Bunyamwera Supergroup Rhabdovirus Leukovirus Reovirus Orbivirus Unclassified Viruses General Observations4 Structure and Function of the Animal Cell Introduction Structure of an Undifferentiated Animal Cell The Cytoplasmic Membrane Cytoplasmic Organelles The Nucleus The Cell Cycle Molecular Biology of Animal Cells Inhibitors of Cell Function and Viral Multiplication5 The Multiplication of DNA Viruses Introduction The Multiplication Cycle The Essential Steps in Multiplication A Systematic Survey Parvovirus Papovaviridae Adenovirus Herpesvirus Iridovirus Poxvirus6 The Multiplication of RNA Viruses Introduction The Essential Steps in Multiplication A Systematic Survey Picornaviridae Togaviridae Orthomyxovirus Paramyxovirus Coronavirus Arenavirus Bunyamwera Supergroup Rhabdovirus Leukovirus Reovirus Orbivirus7 Viral Genetics Introduction Numbers of Genes in Viruses Technical Methods Host-Controlled Modification Mutation Kinds of Mutants of Animal Viruses Interactions between Viruses Genetic Recombination Interactions of Viral Nucleic Acid and Cellular DNA Genetic Reactivation Host-Cell Reactivation and Photoreactivation Complementation Adenoviruses and SV40 Phenotypic Mixing Heterozygosis and Polyploidy Mapping by Serial Inactivation and Direct Biochemical Analysis Adaptation to New Hosts8 Interference and Interferon Introduction Virus-Attachment Interference Homologous Interference Heterologous Interference Interferon-Mediated Interference Biological Properties of Interferons Physicochemical Properties of Interferons Methods of Assay of Interferons Induction of Interferon Viruses and Nucleic Acid as Inducers of Interferon Mechanism of Interferon Action Enhancement9 Pathogenesis: The Spread of Viruses through the Body Introduction Mechanisms of Cell Damage Cell Damage in the Infected Animal Infections of the Skin Infections of the Respiratory Tract Infections of the Alimentary Tract Systemic infections Generalized Infections with Rashes Infections of the Nervous System Congenital Infections Infections of Lymphoid Tissues Infections of Miscellaneous Organs The Incubation Period and Its Significance in Pathogenesis Virulence at the Level of Organism10 Pathogenesis: The Immune Response Introduction The Immunoglobulins Complement Cell-Mediated Immunity Cells and Tissues Involved in the Immune Response The Immune Response in Mature Animals Immunological Tolerance Immunity in the Fetus and Newborn The Immune Response to Viral Infection Neutralization of Viruses by Antibody Secretory Antibodies on Mucosal Surfaces Passive Immunity The Duration of Active Immunity Changes in the Reactivity of Antibodies after Multiple Infections Recovery from Viral Infection The Immune Response as a Cause of Pathological Changes Immunosuppression by Viruses Immunological Tolerance in Viral Infection Immunological Aspects of Infections with Oncogenic Viruses Novel Antigens on the Surface of Cells Undergoing Cytocidal Infections11 Pathogenesis: Nonimmunological Factors and Genetic Resistance Introduction Interference and Interferon in the Intact Animal Other Nonimmunological Factors in Resistance The Influence of Age on Resistance to Viral Infections Genetic Resistance12 Persistent Infections Introduction Persistent Infections of Cultured Cells Persistent Infections in Intact Animals Latent Infections Chronic Infections Slow Infections Factors in the Pathogenesis of Persistent Infections13 Viral Oncogenesis: DNA Viruses Introduction Tumors Produced under Natural Conditions Tumor Production by Adenoviruses Transformation of Cultured Cells by Adenoviruses Tumor Production by Polyoma Virus and SV40 Interactions of Polyoma Virus and SV40 with Cultured Cells Events during Nonproductive Infection with Polyoma Virus and SV40 Properties of Transformed Cells Adenovirus-SV40 Hybrid Viruses14 Viral Oncogenesis: RNA Viruses Introduction Avian RNA Tumor Viruses in Chickens Rous Sarcoma Virus in Mammals Interactions of Avian Tumor Viruses with Cultured Avian Cells Properties of Cells Transformed by Avian Tumor Viruses Transformation of Cultured Mammalian Cells by Avian Tumor Viruses Mechanism of Transformation by Avian Tumor Viruses Murine Leukoviruses : Subgenus A Pathogenesis of Murine Leukemia Murine Sarcoma Viruses Mammary Tumor Virus : Leukovirus Subgenus B Human Tumor Viruses Other RNA Tumor Viruses Induction of Mammalian Leukoviruses, Oncogenes, Protoviruses, Provirus Epilogue15 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Diseases Introduction Efficacy of Viral Vaccines Safety of Viral Vaccines Live Vaccines Inactivated Vaccines Passive Immunization The Psychology of Immunization Medical and Veterinary Vaccines Human Viral Vaccines Prospects for New Vaccines Antiviral Chemotherapy and Chemoprophylaxis Interferon Synthetic Polynucleotides and Other Interferon Inducers Idoxuridine and Other Halogenated Nucleosides Thiosemicarbazones Amantadine and Derivatives Some Other Compounds of Potential Value16 The Epidemiology of Viral Infections Introduction Routes of Entry and Exit The Respiratory Tract The Alimentary Tract The Eye and the Genitourinary Tract Vertical Transmission The Epidemiological Importance of Immunity Multiple-Host Infections : The Viral Zoonoses Seasons and Weather Overwintering of Arboviruses The Epidemiological Importance of Inapparent Infections Epidemiological Research17 Evolutionary Aspects of Viral Diseases Introduction The Antiquity of Some Viruses Changes of Virus and Host in Myxomatosis Influenza in Man Antigenic Drift with Other Viruses New Viruses and New Viral Diseases The Eradication of Viral DiseasesBibliographyIndex