The Study of Metal Structures and Their Mechanical Properties

The Study of Metal Structures and Their Mechanical Properties focuses on metal structures and their mechanical properties. Topics covered range from the crystalline state of metal structures to lattice geometry and crystal symmetry, along with dislocations and lattice faults. Electrons in metals are also discussed, along with alloys and dispersions.Comprised of 13 chapters, this book begins with an introduction to networks of points in space, or "space lattices", followed by a detailed account of the geometry of crystal lattices and the symmetry of crystals. Subsequent chapters focus on electrons in metals; alloys and dispersions; lattice faults; some properties of dislocations; and elastic strain and internal stress. Some basic techniques are purposely illustrated by simple but significant applications. The unidirectional plastic strain and static strength displayed by a single-phase metal at normal temperature are examined, together with the basic processes of cyclic strain and fatigue strength. The final three chapters deal with combined unidirectional and cyclic strain; deformation at elevated temperatures and creep strength; and the problem of developing economic material with small plasticity that is small enough to permit high strength but large enough to damp any sudden crack growth.This monograph will be of interest to undergraduates who plan a serious study of material science and to established engineers who still like to think about how things work.

¿PrefaceAcknowledgmentOne. The Crystalline State 1.1 The Space-Lattice 1.2 Crystalline Solids 1.3 Typical StructuresTwo. Lattice Geometry and Crystal Symmetry 2.1 Lattice Planes 2.2 Lattice Direction 2.3 Lattice Spacings 2.4 Zones 2.5 Crystal Symmetry 2.6 Hermann-Mauguin System 2.7 The 230 Space Groups 2.8 Some Reference SourcesThree. Electrons in Metals 3.1 Basic Problem 3.2 Drude-Lorentz Model 3.3 Sommerfeld Model 3.4 Bloch or Brillouin Zone Model 3.5 Conductors and Insulators 3.6 Stability Factor 3.7 DevelopmentsFour. Alloys and Dispersions 4.1 Solid Solution 4.2 Interstitial Alloying 4.3 Substitutional Solution 4.4 Chemical Equilibrium 4.5 Physical Conditions of Alloys 4.6 Ordering 4.7 Some Reference SourcesFive. Lattice Faults 5.1 Structure-Sensitivity 5.2 Typical Insensitive Properties 5.3 Contrast with Structure-Sensitive Properties 5.4 Boundary Faults 5.5 For Further ReferencesSix. Some Properties of Dislocations (A) The Single Dislocation 6.1 The Continuum Dislocation 6.2 Stress Round a Dislocation 6.3 Dislocation Energy 6.4 Dislocation Density ¿ 6.5 Dislocation Movement and Plastic Strain 6.6 Force on a Dislocation 6.7 Dislocations and Observed Slip 6.8 Compound Dislocations 6.9 Dislocation Sources 6.10 Partial Dislocations and Stacking Faults 6.11 Climb of Dislocations and Cross Slip 6.12 Reversible and Irreversible Slip (B) Dislocation Interactions and Strain-Hardening 6.13 Force Between Parallel Dislocations 6.14 Strain-Hardening 6.15 For Further ReferenceSeven. Experimental Approach 7.1 Main Techniques (A) Optical Metallography 7.2 Principles 7.3 Slip Markings 7.4 Surface Rumpling 7.5 Etching (B) Metal Monocrystals 7.6 Large Metal Monocrystals (C) X-Ray Diffraction 7.7 Principles 7.8 Reflection Geometry 7.9 Recording the Reflections 7.10 Applications to Deformation (D) Electron Microscopy 7.11 Principles 7.12 Replica Technique 7.13 Structure of Thin FoilsEight. Elastic Strain and Internal Stress 8.1 Static Elasticity 8.2 X-Ray Procedure 8.3 Mild-Steel Type of Lattice Stress/Strain Curve 8.4 Copper Type of Lattice Stress/Strain Curve 8.5 Scatter of Internal Stress 8.6 Macrostresses 8.7 Heyn Stresses 8.8 DevelopmentsNine. Unidirectional Plastic Strain and Static Strength at Normal Temperature 9.1 Basic Problem 9.2 Single Crystal 9.3 Ductile Polycrystalline Metal 9.4 Ductile-Brittle Transition 9.5 Strain-Ageing 9.6 Prolonged Yield 9.7 Asymmetry of Hardening 9.8 Thermal Recovery and Recrystallization 9.9 Twinning 9.10 Fracture by Unidirectional Stress or Strain 9.11 Prolonged Strain and Preferred Orientation 9.12 Other DevelopmentsTen. Cyclic Strain and Fatigue Strength 10.1 Plastic Fatigue 10.2 Distinctive Mechanical Properties 10.3 Distinctive Microstructural Changes 10.4 H Range 10.5 F Range 10.6 S Range 10.7 Special Cases 10.8 Pseudo-Elastic Fatigue 10.9 Failure Processes in General 10.10 Other DevelopmentsEleven. Combined Unidirectional and Cyclic Strain 11.1 Cycle-Induced Instability 11.2 Creep Under Repeated Stress 11.3 Creep Under Cyclic Torsion and Steady Axial Tension (Cold-Worked Metal) 11.4 Creep Under Cyclic Torsion and Steady Axial Tension (Annealed Metal) 11.5 Creep Under Cyclic Torsion Alone 11.6 Yield Criteria Under Combined Axial Tension and Cyclic Torsion 11.7 Fracture by Combined Unidirectional and Cyclic Strain 11.8 DevelopmentsTwelve. Deformation at Elevated Temperatures and Creep Strength 12.1 Basic Problem 12.2 The Distinctive Mechanical Properties 12.3 Distinctive Structural Changes 12.4 Analytical Representation of Creep Curves 12.5 Creep Fracture 12.6 Creep Resistance 12.7 Other DevelopmentsThirteen. Search for Strong Solids 13.1 Problem of Strength 13.2 Solute Strengthening 13.3 Precipitation and Dispersion Hardening 13.4 Composites 13.5 Other DevelopmentsAppendices A(1) Atomic Radii A(2) Crystal Structure of Solid Elements B Formula for Spacing d of Plane (hkl) C Some Standard Reference SourcesIndex