From Biological Control to Invasion: the Ladybird Harmonia axyridis as a Model Species

Harmonia axyridis has been described as the "most invasive ladybird on Earth". It has a long history of use as a classical biological control agent in the USA and more recently in Europe. This beetle has been effective at controlling pest insects in a variety of crop systems but it poses unacceptable risks by impacting on non-target species as both an intraguild predator and competitor.

"Harmonia axyridis has been described as the "most invasive ladybird on Earth". It has a long history of use as a classical biological control agent in the USA and more recently in Europe. This beetle has been effective at controlling pest insects in a variety of crop systems but it poses unacceptable risks by impacting on non-target species as both an intraguild predator and competitor.

From biological control to invasion: the ladybird Harmonia axyridis as a model species.- Harmonia axyridis in Europe: spread and distribution of a non-native coccinellid.- Bad side of a good beetle: the North American experience with Harmonia axyridis.- Harmonia axyridis: an environmental risk assessment for Northwest Europe.- Harmonia axyridis in Great Britain: analysis of the spread and distribution of a non-native coccinellid.- Invasion history, habitat preferences and phenology of the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis in Belgium.- Phenotypic variation in invasive and biocontrol populations of the harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis.- Predicting the potential geographical distribution of the harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis, using the CLIMEX model.- Harmonia axyridis: What will stop the invader?.- Intraguild predation involving Harmonia axyridis: a review of current knowledge and future perspectives.- Intraguild predation of immature stages of British and Japanese coccinellids by the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis.- Chemical protection of Calvia quatuordecimguttata eggs against intraguild predation by the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis.- Pollen as an alternative food for Harmonia axyridis.- Influence of diet and photoperiod on development and reproduction of European populations of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).- Ladybird population dynamics in potato: comparison of native species with an invasive species, Harmonia axyridis.- Current and potential management strategies against Harmonia axyridis.- Interactions between the parasitoid wasp Dinocampus coccinellae and two species of coccinellid from Japan and Britain.- Interactions between the fungal pathogen Beauveria bassiana and three species of coccinellid: Harmonia axyridis, Coccinella septempunctata and Adalia bipunctata.- Estimation of mortality by entomophages on exotic Harmonia axyridis versus native Adalia bipunctata in semi-field conditions in northern Italy.