Solid State Chemistry

Solid State Chemistry and its Applications, 2nd Edition: Student Edition is an extensive update and sequel to the bestselling textbook Basic Solid State Chemistry, the classic text for undergraduate teaching in solid state chemistry worldwide.Solid state chemistry lies at the heart of many significant scientific advances from recent decades, including the discovery of high-temperature superconductors, new forms of carbon and countless other developments in the synthesis, characterisation and applications of inorganic materials. Looking forward, solid state chemistry will be crucial for the development of new functional materials in areas such as energy, catalysis and electronic materials.This revised edition of Basic Solid State Chemistry has been completely rewritten and expanded to present an up-to-date account of the essential topics and recent developments in this exciting field of inorganic chemistry. Each section commences with a gentle introduction, covering basic principles, progressing seamlessly to a more advanced level in order to present a comprehensive overview of the subject.This new Student Edition includes the following updates and new features:* Expanded coverage of bonding in solids, including a new section on covalent bonding and more extensive treatment of metallic bonding.* Synthetic methods are covered extensively and new topics include microwave synthesis, combinatorial synthesis, mechano-synthesis, atomic layer deposition and spray pyrolysis.* Revised coverage of electrical, magnetic and optical properties, with additional material on semiconductors, giant and colossal magnetoresistance, multiferroics, LEDs, fibre optics and solar cells, lasers, graphene and quasicrystals.* Extended chapters on crystal defects and characterisation techniques.* Published in full colour to aid comprehension.* Extensive coverage of crystal structures for important families of inorganic solids is complemented by access to CrystalMaker(r) visualization software, allowing readers to view and rotate over 100 crystal structures in three dimensions.* Solutions to exercises and supplementary lecture material are available online.Solid State Chemistry and its Applications, 2nd Edition: Student Edition is a must-have textbook for any undergraduate or new research worker studying solid state chemistry.

Preface xvChemistry - Solid State Chemistry -Materials Chemistry -Materials Science and Engineering xviiCompanion Website xxiCrystalViewer xxiiBiography xxiii1 Crystal Structures and Crystal Chemistry 11.1 Unit Cells and Crystal Systems 11.2 Symmetry 31.3 Symmetry and Choice of Unit Cell 101.4 Lattice, Bravais Lattice 111.5 Lattice Planes and Miller Indices 141.6 Indices of Directions 161.7 d-Spacing Formulae 171.8 Crystal Densities and Unit Cell Contents 171.9 Description of Crystal Structures 181.10 Close Packed Structures - Cubic and Hexagonal Close Packing 191.11 Relationship Between Cubic Close Packed and Face Centred Cubic 211.12 Hexagonal Unit Cell and Close Packing 211.13 Density of Close Packed Structures 221.14 Unit Cell Projections and Atomic Coordinates 241.15 Materials That Can Be Described as Close Packed 251.16 Structures Built of Space-Filling Polyhedra 331.17 Some Important Structure Types 352 Crystal Defects, Non-Stoichiometry and Solid Solutions 832.1 Perfect and Imperfect Crystals 832.2 Types of Defect: Point Defects 842.3 Solid Solutions 952.4 Extended Defects 1082.5 Dislocations and Mechanical Properties of Solids 1113 Bonding in Solids 1253.1 Overview: Ionic, Covalent, Metallic, van der Waals and Hydrogen Bonding in Solids 1253.2 Ionic Bonding 1263.3 Covalent Bonding 1613.4 Metallic Bonding and Band Theory 1733.5 Bands or Bonds: a Final Comment 1854 Synthesis, Processing and Fabrication Methods 1874.1 General Observations 1874.2 Solid State Reaction or Shake 'n Bake Methods 1874.3 Low Temperature or Chimie Douce Methods 1964.4 Gas-Phase Methods 2134.5 High-Pressure Methods 2254.6 Crystal Growth 2265 Crystallography and Diffraction Techniques 2295.1 General Comments: Molecular and Non-Molecular Solids 2295.2 Characterisation of Solids 2315.3 X-Ray Diffraction 2325.4 Electron Diffraction 2655.5 Neutron Diffraction 2666 Other Techniques: Microscopy, Spectroscopy, Thermal Analysis 2716.1 Diffraction and Microscopic Techniques: What Do They Have in Common? 2716.2 Optical and Electron Microscopy Techniques 2726.3 Spectroscopic Techniques 2916.4 Thermal Analysis (TA) 3146.5 Strategy to Identify, Analyse and Characterise 'Unknown' Solids 3237 Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretation 3257.1 The Phase Rule, the Condensed Phase Rule and Some Definitions 3257.2 One-Component Systems 3307.3 Two-Component Condensed Systems 3337.4 Some Tips and Guidelines for Constructing Binary Phase Diagrams 3558 Electrical Properties 3598.1 Survey of Electrical Properties and Electrical Materials 3598.2 Metallic Conductivity 3618.3 Superconductivity 3668.4 Semiconductivity 3828.5 Ionic Conductivity 3928.6 Dielectric Materials 4308.7 Ferroelectrics 4368.8 Pyroelectrics 4418.9 Piezoelectrics 4418.10 Applications of Ferro-, Pyro- and Piezoelectrics 4419 Magnetic Properties 4459.1 Physical Properties 4459.2 Magnetic Materials, Their Structures and Properties 4559.3 Applications: Structure-Property Relations 4649.4 Recent Developments 46710 Optical Properties: Luminescence and Lasers 47310.1 Visible Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum 47310.2 Sources of Light, Thermal Sources, Black Body Radiation and Electronic Transitions 47310.3 Scattering Processes: Reflection, Diffraction and Interference 47610.4 Luminescence and Phosphors 47610.5 Configurational Coordinate Model 47810.6 Some Phosphor Materials 48010.7 Anti-Stokes Phosphors 48110.8 Stimulated Emission, Amplification of Light and Lasers 48210.9 Photodetectors 48810.10 Fibre-Optics 49010.11 Solar Cells 492Further Reading 493Appendix A: Interplanar Spacings and Unit Cell Volumes 505Appendix B: Model Building 507Appendix C: Geometrical Considerations in Crystal Chemistry 511Appendix D: How to Recognise Close Packed (Eutactic) Structures 515Appendix E: Positive and Negative Atomic Coordinates 517Appendix F: The Elements and Some of Their Properties 519Questions 525Index