Introduction to Microdisplays

Microdisplays are tiny, high-resolution electronic displays,designed for use in magnifying optical systems such as HDTVprojectors and near-eye personal viewers. As a result of researchand development into this field, Microdisplays areincorporated in a variety of visual electronics, notably new 3Gportable communications devices, digital camera technologies,wireless internet applications, portable DVD viewers and wearablePCs.Introduction to Microdisplays encapsulates this marketthrough describing in detail the theory, structure, fabrication andapplications of Microdisplays. In particular this book:* Provides excellent reference material for the Microdisplayindustry through including an overview of current applicationsalongside a guide to future developments in the field* Covers all current technologies and devices such as SiliconWafer Backplane Technology, Liquid Crystal Devices, MicromechanicalDevices, and the emerging area of Organic Light EmittingDiodes* Presents guidance on the design of applications ofMicrodisplays, including Microdisplays for defence and telecoms,from basic principles through to their performance limitationsIntroduction to Microdisplays is a thorough andcomprehensive reference on this emerging topic. It is essentialreading for display technology manufacturers, developers, andsystem integrators, as well as practising electrical engineers,physicists, chemists and specialists in the display field. Graduatestudents, researchers, and developers working in optics, materialscience, and telecommunications will also find this a valuableresource.The Society for Information Display (SID) is an internationalsociety, which has the aim of encouraging the development of allaspects of the field of information display. Complementary to theaims of the society, the Wiley-SID series is intended to explainthe latest developments in information display technology at aprofessional level. The broad scope of the series addresses allfacets of information displays from technical aspects throughsystems and prototypes to standards and ergonomics

Series Editor's Foreword.Preface.1. Introduction.1.1 Microdisplays.1.2 Human Factors.1.3 Display Specifications.1.4 Displays in General.1.5 Microdisplay Evolution.1.6 Microdisplay Applications.2 Electronic Addressing.2.1 Introduction.2.2 MOS Transistor.2.3 LCOS System Electronics Architecture.2.4 Analogue Pixel Drive Schemes for Analogue Electro-OpticResponse.2.5 Digital Electronic Drive Schemes for Analog Electro-OpticalResponse.2.6 Digital Pixel Drive Schemes for Binary Electro-OpticalResponse.2.7 DMD Microdisplay Circuit.2.8 OLED Microdisplay Circuits.2.9 Photo-Addressing.3 Silicon Backplane Technology.3.1 Introduction.3.2 CMOS Technology.3.3 CMOS for microdisplays.3.4 Wafer and die bow.3.5 Surface planarization.3.6 Pixel storage.3.7 Light blocking.3.8 Mirror quality.3.9 Pixel gap fill.3.10 LC Cell gap.3.11 LCoS CMOS summary.3.12 Backplane technology for other microdisplays.3.13 Silicon Technology Roadmap.3.14 Cost of silicon.3.15 Summary.4 Transmission Microdisplays Structure.4.1 Background.4.2 Thin film transistors.4.3 Polysilicon.4.4 Polysilicon microdisplay.4.5 Transferred silicon.4.6 Silicon-on-sapphire.5 Transmission Liquid Crystal Microdisplays.5.1 Introduction.5.2 TFT-LCD.5.3 Projection System.5.4 Twisted-Nematic Cells.5.5 Vertically-Aligned Nematic (VAN) Cells.5.6 Fringing Field Effect.5.7 Liquid crystal ionic effects.6 Reflective Liquid Crystal Microdisplays.6.1 Introduction.6.2 Normally Black Homeotropic Cell.6.3 Normally White Homogenous Cell.6.4 Reflective TN Cells.6.5 Normally White 90¯o MTN Cell.6.6 Normally White 63.6¯o MTN Cell.6.7 Normally Black 63.6¯o TN Cell.6.8 Normally White 60¯o MTN Cell.6.9 Normally White 45¯o MTN Cell.6.10 Normally Black 45¯o TN.6.11 Finger-On-Plane Structure.6.12 Scattering and Diffractive Microdisplays.6.13 Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals.7 LCD Assembly and Test.7.1 Background.7.2 Back end processing.7.3 Assembly components.7.4 Assembly methods.7.5 Test.8 Micromechanical Devices.8.1 Background.8.2 Digital Mirror Device.8.3 Piezoelectric Micromirror.8.4 Grating Light Valve.8.5 Interference modulation.8.6 Further development.9 Emissive Microdisplays.9.1 Introduction.9.2 Organic Emissive Materials.9.3 Device Construction & Manufacture.9.4 Device Characteristics.9.5 Color.9.6 OLED Microdisplays.9.7 Other Emissive Microdisplays.9.8 Summary.10 Projection Displays.10.1 Background.10.2 Throughput.10.3 Laser and LED sources.10.4 Arc Lamps.10.5 Polarizing Optics.10.6 Color management.10.7 Schlieren projector.10.8 Laser scanning.10.9 Projector Performance.11 Near-Eye Systems.11.1 Background.11.2 Magnification.11.3 Field of View.11.4 Microdisplay Factors.11.5 Magnifiers.11.6 Camera Viewfinder.11.7 Head mounted displays.11.8 Free-surface prisms.11.9 Eyewear-based displays.11.10 Light-guide System.11.11 Wide field of view.11.12 Portable Equipment.Table of Symbols.